Cytotoxicity was assessed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release as previously described [15] and CSE treated cells under conditions tested did not have changes in cell viability that were statistically significantly different from controls and was greater than 85%
Adaptogens trigger the defense adaptive stress response of the organism to stressors, leading to the extension of the limits of resilience to overload, brain fatigue, and mental and aging disorders [25,87] (Figure 1)
doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.10.3879-3880.2002 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 229
He emphasizes these shared traits as the beating heart of shamanism across many settings: A non-ordinary state (trance, ecstasy, or another altered mode) Engagement with unseen beings or realities (spirits, gods, ancestors, witches, ghosts) Services such as healing and divination Singh also explores taboo, restriction, and otherness. He explains how shamans often cultivate social and psychological distance through initiations, deprivation, and visible markers