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Epidemiology of tobacco use and male infertility Numerous risk factors have been proposed for male infertility including erectile dysfunction, varicocele, congenital dysplasia, endocrine disorders, immune factors, sexually transmitted infections, and exposure to chemicals and radiation (Krausz, 2011)

Each disposable will last for a significant amount of time, perhaps even longer than it takes to get through a full pack

Health Effects and Safety Concerns Short-Term Effects: Both HNB and vaping can cause mild respiratory irritation or throat discomfort, especially for new users

Addiction 107:11591167 Funding This work was supported by a grant to the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health from the Bloomberg Initiative to Reduce Tobacco Use