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The great majority of the harm from smoking comes from inhaling tobacco smoke
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The internal consistency of the FTND was evaluated and compared with that of the FTQ in four studies, all of which showed that of the FTND to be superior.(6,21,23,24) However, studies in which the FTND was compared with other instruments for the evaluation of nicotine dependence, such as the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MNWS) and the Tiffany Questionnaire for Smoking Urges (T-QSU), found the internal consistency of the FTND to be inferior.(22,32,34) In two different studies, it was found that FTND questions 2 and 3 add no relevant information, suggesting that the removal of these questions would increase the internal consistency of the FTND.(3,8) In one study, the overall score on the FTND was found to present an alpha of 0.67, the internal consistency being adequate ( = 0.70) for factor 1, whereas that of factor 2 (items 3 and 5) was extremely low ( = 0.40), possibly due to the small number of items in the last factor.(7) In the present meta-analysis, twelve studies involving factorial analysis of the FTND were identified
10 types of tobacco in cigarettes, 1990-1999 Source: US Department of Agriculture - Economic Research Service, Trends in the Cigarette Industry After the Master Settlement Agreement Unfortunately for Virginia farmers who appreciate the income from tobacco, the harvest is declining in quantity and value now
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