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Abbreviations DKD: Diabetic kidney disease UAE: Albumin excretion rate UACR: Urine albumin/creatinine ratio hbA1c%: Glycosylated hemoglobin MDA: Malonaldehyde CKD: Chronic kidney disease ESRD: End-stage renal disease GFR: Glomerular filtration rate NOX1: NADPH oxidase 1 IL-6: Interleukin 6 MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 TGF-: Transforming growth factor- NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor GBM: Glomerular basement membrane NF-B: Nuclear factor B TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha CAMs: Cell adhesion molecules MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase AP-1: Transcription factor activator protein 1 JNK: C-Jun N-terminal kinase OS: Overall survival NO: Nitric oxide AGEs: Advanced glycation end products PKC: Protein kinase C ECM: Extracellular matrix CTGF: Connective tissue growth factor TGF-1: Transforming growth factor-1 Nrf2: Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 HO-1: Hemoglobin oxygenase-1 (hypocretin-1) NQO1: Quinone oxidoreductase (NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1) CAT: Catalase SOD: Superoxide dismutase GPx: Glutathione peroxidase NR1: Notoginsenoside R1 HFD: High-fat diet STZ: Streptozotocin HSYA: Hydroxyl safflower yellow A GSH-Px: Glutathione RAGE: Receptor for advanced glycosylation end products NFE2L2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 HMOX1: Heme oxygenase-1 SLC30A7: The 7th member of SLC30 family SGLT2: Sodium/glucose co-transporter type 2 Sp1: Specificity protein 1 TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4 PGC-1: Proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1 GCN5L1: General control of amino acid synthesis 5-like 1 MnSOD: Manganese superoxide dismutase LGR6: Leucine-rich repeat domain-containing G protein-couple receptor 6 cAMP: Cyclic adenosine 3,5 -monophosphate SOD2: Mn-SOD CuNPs: Hydrogen sulfide GST: Glutathione S transferase RCTs: Randomized controlled trials SCr: Serum creatinine MD: Mean difference SMD: Standard mean difference ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ARB: Angiotensin II receptor antagonist ROS: Reactive oxygen species References de Boer IH

However, cob(I)alamin is occasionally deactivated by oxidation to cob(II)alamin

& Grant, C.M

Furthermore, Yadav et al