This typically involves: Intrinsic factor antibodies (highly specific for pernicious anaemia, though sensitivity is only 50%) [12] [28] Gastric parietal cell antibodies (more sensitive but less specific) Coeliac serology if malabsorption is suspected Consideration of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in selected cases, particularly with autoimmune gastritis/pernicious anaemia NICE guidance emphasises that treatment should not be delayed whilst awaiting antibody results if clinical features strongly suggest deficiency, as irreversible neurological damage can occur
These signs include fatigue, weakness, constipation, reduced appetite, weight loss, along with numbness and tingling sensations in the extremities
There are different kinds of vitamin B12, but they all have something called mineral cobalt in them
A GLOBAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS SURVEY Natalie Fini 1 , Gillian Mead 2 , Sandra Billinger 3 , Marie-Louise Bird 4,5 , Janice Eng 5,6 , Coralie English 7,8 , Sarah Moore 9,10 , John Solomon 11 , Katharina Stibrant Sunnerhagen 12 , Shamala Thilarajah 13,14 , Frederike van Wijck 15 1 Physiotherapy Department, Melbourne School of Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia , 2 Ageing and Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom , 3 Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, United States , 4 School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia , 5 Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada , 6 Centre for Aging SMART at Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, Canada , 7 School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia , 8 Heart and Stroke Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia , 9 Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, United Kingdom , 10 Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom , 11 Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India , 12 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden , 13 Physiotherapy Department, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore , 14 Health and Social Sciences Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore , 15 School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom Background and Aims: The World Stroke Organisation Guidelines recommend physical activity (PA) for stroke recovery and secondary prevention, yet many stroke survivors do not meet these guidelines
