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Glutathione (GSH) is the primary antioxidant in the eye lens

ROS can modify sperm proteins through the oxidation of amino acid side chains, leading to the formation of carbonyl groups and disulfide bonds

At least, four mitochondrial dehydrogenases are activated by calcium ions ( As mentioned above, ROS promote Ca 2+ release from the mitochondria ( 2+ , forming a vicious cycle: ROS enhance cytosolic concentrations of Ca 2+ , and Ca 2+ enhance ROS (and RNS) generation

Moreover, the combination of nanomaterials and hydrogels with plant bioactive metabolites further enhances the therapeutic effect, suggesting that PCs hold great promise for the treatment of DFU