( It is noteworthy that the gut microbiota functions as a central mediator in the bidirectional communication between the GI system and the brain, a network commonly known as the microbiotagutbrain axis ( The term experienced a semantic evolution in 1965, when Lilly and Stillwell redefined it to describe metabolites secreted by one microorganism that stimulate the growth of another ( A further key refinement in 1998 emphasized that such benefits occur only when probiotics are administered at sufficient doses ( The panel concluded that probiotic efficacy is both strain-specific and dose-dependent, indicating that health benefits demonstrated by one strain cannot necessarily be generalized to others, even within the same species ( Lactobacillus , Bifidobacterium , Bacillus , and Pediococcus , as well as certain yeast species ( Robust clinical evidence supports the use of specific probiotic strains in managing GI disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Helicobacter pylori infection, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and infectious diarrhea ( Simultaneously, several meta-analyses and guideline panels highlight that many claimed indications are supported only by low- to moderate-quality evidence, with significant heterogeneity between trials and frequent failure of some strains or formulations to demonstrate superiority over placebo in rigorous, well-controlled studies ( This review examines the mechanisms of action of probiotics and summarizes current evidence regarding their effects on human health
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