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Many people also experience nasal congestion, making it difficult to breathe through the nose

Interestingly when the effects of e-cig vapor and TS were compared, it was found that the oxidative stress promoted through nicotine exposure from either source induced similar detrimental effects, from a thrombolytic perspective, on BBB integrity, cellular inflammation, and stroke outcome (Kaisar et al., 2017)

Smoking also induces expression of immune checkpoint proteins like PD-L1 on tumor cells, which inhibit the activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by engaging PD-1 receptors, leading to immune exhaustion

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