cigarette smoking ulcerative colitis Divergent Effect of Smoke on Innate Immunity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Nicotine-Infection Interaction Smoking and Crohn's Disease Risk,

L., OConnell, E

Matthew Nuesse , Certified Medical & DOT Examiner Nicotine can affect the digestive system by stimulating nerves, increasing gastric acid, and changing bowel motility, which may cause some people to poop more often after smoking or vaping

This might be explained by the abstinence of hookah smoking for 12 h prior to testing, thereby reducing nicotine levels drastically in the system, which would impact neuro-hormonal regulation (reduced cortisol and sympathetic activity)

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