tobacco brain effects Frontiers Smoking and the brain: What

Liu, now a postdoctoral fellow at UC San Francisco, was a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Gilliam Fellow and an NSF Graduate Research Fellowships Program (GRFP) fellow

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While the exact percentage of smokers who develop bladder cancer is known, smoking is the leading preventable risk factor for bladder cancer, significantly increasing the likelihood of developing the disease: Former smokers have about twice the risk of developing bladder cancer compared to those who never smoked Current smokers are approximately 3-4 times more likely to develop bladder cancer compared to non-smokers Does quitting smoking reduce the risk of bladder cancer