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Smoking duration alone provides stronger risk estimates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease than pack-years

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Moreover, the TGF-1/Smad2.3 signalling pathway is strongly implicated in endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) which plays a key role in the pathogenesis of COPD [129,130,131]

Doctors and specialists can help with decisions about how mental health conditions can be managed during pregnancy