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Although the epigenetic mechanisms by which benzo[a]pyrene and nicotine-induced alterations can be vertically transmitted has not been resolved, smoking-induced abnormal protamination may cause alterations in the methylation pattern of CpG in the promoter regions of DNA in the offspring of smokers [161]

Crit Rev Toxicol 1990

All of these products contain nicotine, which is addictive, but the processing and product attributes contribute to different health profiles

In New York City, for example, where government support is relatively high and public policies encourage better health for all, its poorest residents fare better than similar residents living in other parts of the country