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Participants had tests for blood, urine, body measurements, functional tests, physical examination and completed a comprehensive health history questionnaire to collect medical history and epidemiological data

Organizational factors include the healthcare system, schools, workplaces, and media (Kalkhoran et al., 2018)

This increase in use could be attributed to the perception of fewer negative consequences of hookah smoking compared with cigarette smoking and the social norms regarding its acceptability among this population [55,56,57]

however, without the necessary support and preparation, many individuals find it difficult to continue with their motivation, resulting in a dismal statistic of only a 6% success rate