how many people die every year from tobacco The Cost of Use Smoking as a Public Health

29 Xie et al suggested that long-term tobacco smoke exposure enhancing self-renewal ability, increasing the expression of CSCs markers and tumorigenic ability of human bronchial epithelial cells, the IL-6/Np63/Notch axis and Wnt/-catenin pathway play an important role in this process

Potential confounding factors, such as dual tobacco or cannabinoid use, exposure to secondhand smoke, and prior history of tobacco use, could introduce bias into the comparisons across exposure groups and need to be considered

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International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai